There are many different types of collaboration. Generally speaking, they can be grouped under the terms transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary. Within these, there are also various subcategories. To gain an overview of possible forms of collaboration, we recommend the following texts: Boyer and Marcus (2021), Choi & Pak (2006), de la Croix (2021), Kennemore and Postero (2020). transdisciplinary collaboration Transdisciplinary research in anthropology refers to collaborative efforts that transcend traditional academic boundaries by integrating knowledge and methods from multiple disciplines and non-academic actors. It aims to co-produce context-specific, actionable knowledge in response to complex real-world problems (de la Croix 2021). interdisciplinary collaboration It involves researchers from different academic disciplines working together to integrate methods, theories, and perspectives in order to address complex questions or problems that cannot be adequately understood from a single disciplinary standpoint. It encourages mutual learning and synthesis across fields (Choi and Pak 2006). co-creative collaboration Co-creative collaboration refers to research partnerships in which all parties—academic and non-academic—are equally involved throughout the entire research process, including defining questions, designing methods, collecting and analyzing data, and co-authoring outputs. This approach emphasizes shared ownership, mutual respect, and the blending of different knowledge systems to create transformative outcomes (de la Croix 2021). participatory collaboration Participatory collaboration in ethnographic research refers to research processes in which community members or research participants are actively involved in selected phases of the study—such as defining research questions, data collection, or interpreting results—while researchers often retain overall control of design and publication. This approach aims to democratize knowledge production, improve research relevance, and promote mutual learning, while acknowledging existing power asymmetries (Kennemore and Postero 2020).