The Oxford Encyclopedia discusses qualitative approaches to education such as ethnography, narrative, and case studies, which help explore learning processes, relationships, and contexts. Melanie Anae’s article in the Oxford Encylclopedia explains that Pacific research methodologies (PRM) and Pacific relational ethics (PRE) have ancient indigenous roots but have been revitalized to challenge Western research traditions and support ethical, culturally grounded, and transformative work with Pacific peoples. Central is the concept of va, the sacred, spiritual, and social space between people, and the Samoan principle of teu le va, which calls for valuing and nurturing relationships in research.

Anae, Melani. 2019. “Pacific Research Methodologies and Relational Ethics.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia: Education. Oxford: Oxford University Press.